Mix and flow of matter

The Many Uses of Fluids

Printable Notes

Fluid :

Anything that has no fixed shape and can flow (usually a gas or liquid); takes the shape of its container.

Slurry:

A mixture of water and solids. It is a form of a fluid.

• Dirt and water

• Cement

• Hair gel

• Oil sand and water

Fluids Make it Easier to Use Materials

• Fluids are used in industrial processes such as mining oil sands

• Fluids have the ability to spread or flow and carry other materials.

• Fluids can be a combination of different materials. For instance toothpaste contains powdered material, detergent, fluoride, binders, coloring, and flavoring

An Example of How Fluids are used in everyday life

States of matter

Recall from grade 7 the states of matter:

Solid :

Keeps its shape and keeps its total volume

Liquid :

Takes the shape of the container and keeps its total volume

Gas :

Takes the shape of its container and changes volume to fill its container

What about transitions from state to state?

Gas to liquid - condensation

Gas to solid - deposition

Liquid to gas - evaporation

Liquid to solid - freezing

Solid to liquid - melting

Solid to gas - Sublimation

Pure Substances & Mixtures

Matter is divided up into two classifications

Pure Substances :

Made of only one kind of matter; cannot be separated into different substances. Ex. Gold, aluminum foil

Mixture :

Made up of combination of different substances Ex. Saltwater, oreos, air, pancake mix.

Mixtures can be broken up even further!

Mechanical mixture :

A mixture that you can see different substances that make up the mixture. Also called a heterogeneous mixture.

• wet cement

• salsa

• porridge

Solution :

A mixture of 2 or more pure substances that looks like one substance. Also called a homogenous mixture.

• Pepsi

• syrup

• copper sulfate

Suspension :

A cloudy mixture in which droplets or tiny pieces of one substance is held within another substance; if left undisturbed, its parts will usually separate out. The particles settle slowly after mixing.

• muddy water

• tomato juice

• orange juice with pulp

• salad dressing

Colloid :

A cloudy mixture in which very small particles stay suspended in the liquid. Colloids are considered to be between a solution and a suspension.

• Homogenized milk is a colloid of tiny cream droplets in whey

• Cytoplasm inside cells

How can we figure out if something is a pure substance or solutions?

• Paper chromatography can be used to determine if fluids are pure substances or solutions.

  1. Filter paper is put in solution.

  2. Pure substance- fluid travels up one level

  3. Solution - fluid travels up many level

CHECKPOINT 1

Concentration & Solubility

Solvent :

A substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution(ex. Water, known as the 'universal solvent').

Solute :

A substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.

Solution :

Dissolving one substance into another creates a solution, the solute particles are attracted to the atoms of the solvent. A solution should look like one fluid, no floaties!

Measuring Concentration

Concentration :

The amount of solute (g or kg) dissolved in a specific amount of solvent (mL or L) in a solution; written as g/L or kg/L. Means amount of solute/amount of solvent.

We use terms like 'concentrated' and 'diluted' to describe the solutions:

• In a concentrated solution there are large amounts of solute in a solution

• In a diluted solution there are small amounts of solute in a solution

 Different types of concentrations

• g/L

• Parts per million (PPM) - Very small amount

• Parts per billion (PPB) - Very very small amount

Comparing Concentrations (yay Fractions)

1. Is the numerator in (g) units - If not, convert it to (g)

2. Is the denominator in (L) units - If not, convert it to (L)

3. If the numerator & denominator have the proper units then divide

4. Compare different concentrations

Try the following:

1. Compare a solution where 25g of salt is added to 100ml of water, to a solution of 10g salt added to 50ml

2. Compare a solution where 0.5 Kg of salt is added to 1L of water, to a solution of 1kg salt added to 1.8L

3. Compare a solution where 0.25 Kg of detergent is added to 600 ml of water, to a solution where 6.5 Kg of detergent is added to 60 L of water

CHECKPOINT 2

Concentration Questions

Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions

Unsaturated Solution :

A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature

Saturated Solution :

 A solution in which NO more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature

• Solutions do not have to be made up of only liquids

  Ex. carbonated pop

What happens if you add more solute to an unsaturated Solution?

• Comes to a point where it becomes saturated

• If you change the pressure, volume or temperature, it can become ‘super saturated’

Solubility :

The ability to dissolve; the mass of solute that can dissolve in a given amount at a given temperature.

Saturation Point :

The point at which NO more solute can be dissolved at a certain temperature (ex. See pg 28).

Factors Affecting Solubility

 Solubility depends on 3 factors.

1. Type of solvent

2. Type of solute

3. Temperature

Aqueous Solution :

When water is the solvent in the solution. Water is sometimes referred to as the “universal solvent” because it can dissolve so many things.

Solubility Changes with Temperature

• For most substances, solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent increases

• Ex. at 25 degrees Salt- 36.2g/100ml water is saturated

• Ex. at 100 degrees Salt- 39.2g/100ml water is saturated

CHECKPOINT 3

The Particle Model of Matter and the Behaviour of Mixtures

Some history...

• Ancient Greek Democritus said all matter was made of small, invisible, indivisible particles

• Nobody believed him for 2000 years!

• 1808- John Dalton believes him and makes his atomic theory

Particle Model of Matter :

A model that explains the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases; it states that all matter is made up of tiny moving particles that attract each other and have spaces between them.

Four Main Points of the Particle Model of Matter:

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.

• Different substances are made up of different particles.

• There are more particles in a given volume of solid than there are in the same volume of liquid or gas.

• How big is a particle? In one snowflake there are 1018 particles.

2. The tiny particles are always moving and vibrating.

• For solids, the particles vibrate in one place.

• For liquids, the particles slide around and over each other.

• For gases – the particles move as far as the space they are in allows.

3. The particles in matter maybe attracted to each other or bonded together.

• Some particle (like water) have more attraction to particles than others (like salt).

4. The particles have space between them.

• Think like marbles & sand.

How the Particle Model Explains Mixing Substances.

• If the 2 substances with different size particles are mixed together, the smaller particles will fill spaces between the larger particles.

• The attraction of particles helps in dissolving.

Dissolving

3 factors affect how quickly a solute will dissolve in a solvent:

1. Temperature – increasing the temperature causes the particles to move faster and bump into the solute particles faster.

2. Surface Area – small pieces of solute dissolve more quickly than large pieces because there is a greater surface area where the solvent can make contact.

3. Stirring – moves all the particles around, so the solvent particles bump into the solute particles.

What if substances do not mix well?

How do we clean oil stains on clothes when water does not dissolve oil? We use soap!

Soap (also known as detergent) is a substance that can remove dirt from a fabric with the help of surfactants which are particles that attach themselves to the dirt and water.

Surfactants have two ends, a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end.

• The hydrophobic end attaches to oils and dirt

• The hydrophilic end attaches to water.

Detergents also carry phosphates to help break up dirt and maintain the pH of the solution. But when detergent is washed down the drain and enters nearby lakes and rivers it can have a polluting effect by causing excessive growth of algae which deprives fish of oxygen, effectively killing fish populations.

CHECKPOINT 4